Probability of derailment under earthquake conditions

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-144).A quantitative assessment of the probability of derailment under earthquake conditions is presented. Two derailment modes are considered: by vibratory motion - during the ground motion - and by permanent track deformation - after the motion ended. Criteria for derailment that apply to both modes are derived in terms of peak transversal acceleration and peak transversal displacement. This allows a direct comparison between the two causes of derailment. We find that the first mode of derailment (by vibratory motion) dominates over the second mode (by track damage). The model considers the effect of spatial non-homogeneities in soil and structural characteristic and the incoherence of the ground motion into the assessment of derailment risk. The lateral motion experienced by the train under non-synchronous vibration of the track is obtained as the superposition of two contributions: one is the track motion at a fixed location and the other is the motion as the train travels on deformed tracks. Under linear elastic conditions, a method to obtain the power spectral density function for ground acceleration is presented and used to obtain acceleration and displacement response spectra.(cont.) The second component of motion depends on speed. It is found that the train motion due to track deformation has small effects at ordinary speeds but that it becomes noticeable as the speed increases and the support spacing decreases. In general, it is shown that changes in soil and structural properties present a higher risk for derailment by vibratory motion. In some cases, the second component of train motion may increase the acceleration due to track motion at a single location by a factor of two. The analysis is first done assuming linear behavior of the soil and structure and then nonlinearities and permanent deformations are included. The elastic analysis is found to be adequate, except for structures with natural periods exceeding 1 second where the elastic analysis yields conservative estimates in comparison with the inelastic case.by Lucile M. Guillaud.S.M

DQ impedance stability analysis for the power-controlled grid-connected inverter

For a grid-connected inverter requiring the ac volt- age magnitude and the active power control, both vector control and power synchronization control can be applied. The stability comparison based on the dq impedance stability analysis between both control are carried out via three factors including the grid impedance, the inner current loop and the virtual impedance. The dq impedances of the inverter based on both control are derived. The determinant of the impedance ratio is used for the stability analysis. The bode plot of the grid impedance and the inverter impedance are present to assist the stability analysis and explain their interactions. It is found that increasing the grid impedance and the cut-off frequency of the current loop stabilize the inverter with the power synchronization control, which is converse to the vector control. Furthermore, the inverter with the power synchronization control may suffer the instabilities when connecting to a strong grid. The virtual inductor and resistor are proposed to enhance the stability for the vector control and the power synchronization control respectively. The simulation validation using Matlab/Simulink is performed

Prévalence en anticorps contre le virus de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift chez les petits ruminants du Sénégal

Une enquête de prévalence en anticorps contre le virus de la fièvre de la Vallée du Rift a été réalisée sur un échantillon représentatif du cheptel ovin et caprin du Sénégal. La répartition des anticorps montre l'état enzootique de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift dans ce cheptel. Les prévalences en anticorps chez les ovins et caprins sont comparables mais réparties de façon très hétérogène selon les zones étudiées (Résumé d'auteur